6,765 research outputs found
Engineering optical nonlinearities in metal nanoparticle arrays
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityMetal nanostructures supporting localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonances are an emerging technology for sensing, optical switching, radiative engineering, and solar energy harvesting, among other applications. The unique property of LSP resonances that enable these technologies is their ability to localize and enhance the optical field near the surface of metal nanoparticles. However, many questions still remain regarding the effects of nanoparticle coupling on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of these structures.
In this thesis, I investigate the role of long-range photonic and near-field plasmonic coupling on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles in periodic and deterministic aperiodic arrays within a combined experimental and theoretical framework. In particular, I have developed optical characterization techniques to study various properties of planar metal nano-cylinder arrays fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL). These include the effect of Fano-type coupling between structural grating modes and LSP resonances on linear diffraction and second harmonic generation (SHG), the influence of near-field coupling on the efficiency of plasmon enhanced metal photoluminescence (PL), the dependence of two-photon PL (TPPL) on nanoparticle size, and the multi-polar nature of SHG from planar plasmonic arrays. Experimental results are fully supported by linear scattering theory of the near and far-field properties of particle arrays based on a range of analytical, semi-analytical, and fully numerical techniques. The breadth of computational methods used allows the investigation of a wide range of structures including large aperiodic arrays with hundreds of discrete particles and periodic arrays with realistic particle shapes, substrates, and excitation conditions. The technological potential of engineered plasmonic structures is demonstrated by enhanced vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, a novel nonlinear sensing technique.
These studies have revealed design principles for engineering the interplay of photonic and plasmonic coupling for future linear and nonlinear plasmonic devices for sensing, switching, and modulation. The optical characterization techniques developed in this thesis may additionally be used across a wide range of devices in photonics and nano-optics
High-Resolution Spectroscopic Study of Extremely Metal-Poor Star Candidates from the SkyMapper Survey
The SkyMapper Southern Sky Survey is carrying out a search for the most
metal-poor stars in the Galaxy. It identifies candidates by way of its unique
filter set that allows for estimation of stellar atmospheric parameters. The
set includes a narrow filter centered on the Ca II K 3933A line, enabling a
robust estimate of stellar metallicity. Promising candidates are then confirmed
with spectroscopy. We present the analysis of Magellan-MIKE high-resolution
spectroscopy of 122 metal-poor stars found by SkyMapper in the first two years
of commissioning observations. 41 stars have [Fe/H] <= -3.0. Nine have [Fe/H]
<= -3.5, with three at [Fe/H] ~ -4. A 1D LTE abundance analysis of the elements
Li, C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, Ba and Eu shows
these stars have [X/Fe] ratios typical of other halo stars. One star with low
[X/Fe]
[X/Fe values appears to be "Fe-enhanced," while another star has an extremely
large [Sr/Ba] ratio: >2. Only one other star is known to have a comparable
value. Seven stars are "CEMP-no" stars ([C/Fe] > 0.7, [Ba/Fe] < 0). 21 stars
exhibit mild r-process element enhancements (0.3 <=[Eu/Fe] < 1.0), while four
stars have [Eu/Fe] >= 1.0. These results demonstrate the ability to identify
extremely metal-poor stars from SkyMapper photometry, pointing to increased
sample sizes and a better characterization of the metal-poor tail of the halo
metallicity distribution function in the future.Comment: Minor corrections to text, missing data added to Tables 3 and 4;
updated to match published version. Complete tables included in sourc
The Structure of the Homunculus. II. Modeling the physical conditions in Eta Car's molecular shell
We present models that reproduce the observed double-shell structure of the
Homunculus Nebula around eta Carinae, including the stratification of infrared
H2 and [FeII] emission seen in data obtained with the Phoenix spectrograph on
Gemini South, as well as the corresponding stratified grain temperature seen in
thermal-infrared data. Tuning the model to match the observed shell thickness
allows us to determine the threshold density which permits survival of H2. An
average hydrogen density of n_H=(0.5-1)x10^7 cm-3 in the outer zone is required
to allow H2 to exist at all latitudes in the nebula, and for Fe+ to recombine.
This gives independent confirmation of the very large mass of the Homunculus,
indicating a total of roughly 15--35 Msun (although we note reasons why the
lower end of this range is favored). At the interface between the atomic and
molecular zones, we predict a sharp drop in the dust temperature, in agreement
with the bimodal dust color temperatures observed in the two zones. In the
outer molecular shell, the dust temperature drops to nearly the blackbody
temperature, and becomes independent of grain size because of self-shielding at
shorter UV wavelengths and increased heating at longer wavelengths. This
relaxes constraints on large grain sizes suggested by near-blackbody color
temperatures. Finally, from the strength of infrared [FeII] emission in the
inner shell we find that the gas-phase Fe abundance is roughly solar. This is
astonishing in such a dusty object, where one normally expects gaseous iron to
be depleted by two orders of magnitude.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by Ap
Measurement of ISR-FSR interference in the processes e+ e- --> mu+ mu- gamma and e+ e- --> pi+ pi- gamma
Charge asymmetry in processes e+ e- --> mu+ mu- gamma and e+ e- --> pi+ pi-
gamma is measured using 232 fb-1 of data collected with the BABAR detector at
center-of-mass energies near 10.58 GeV. An observable is introduced and shown
to be very robust against detector asymmetries while keeping a large
sensitivity to the physical charge asymmetry that results from the interference
between initial and final state radiation. The asymmetry is determined as
afunction of the invariant mass of the final-state tracks from production
threshold to a few GeV/c2. It is compared to the expectation from QED for e+ e-
--> mu+ mu- gamma and from theoretical models for e+ e- --> pi+ pi- gamma. A
clear interference pattern is observed in e+ e- --> pi+ pi- gamma, particularly
in the vicinity of the f_2(1270) resonance. The inferred rate of lowest order
FSR production is consistent with the QED expectation for e+ e- --> mu+ mu-
gamma, and is negligibly small for e+ e- --> pi+ pi- gamma.Comment: 32 pages,29 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.
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Measurement of B(B-->X_s {\gamma}), the B-->X_s {\gamma} photon energy spectrum, and the direct CP asymmetry in B-->X_{s+d} {\gamma} decays
The photon spectrum in B --> X_s {\gamma} decay, where X_s is any strange
hadronic state, is studied using a data sample of (382.8\pm 4.2) \times 10^6
e^+ e^- --> \Upsilon(4S) --> BBbar events collected by the BABAR experiment at
the PEP-II collider. The spectrum is used to measure the branching fraction B(B
--> X_s \gamma) = (3.21 \pm 0.15 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.08)\times 10^{-4} and the
first, second, and third moments = 2.267 \pm 0.019 \pm 0.032 \pm
0.003 GeV,, )^2> = 0.0484 \pm 0.0053 \pm 0.0077 \pm
0.0005 GeV^2, and )^3> = -0.0048 \pm 0.0011 \pm 0.0011
\pm 0.0004 GeV^3, for the range E_\gamma > 1.8 GeV, where E_{\gamma} is the
photon energy in the B-meson rest frame. Results are also presented for
narrower E_{\gamma} ranges. In addition, the direct CP asymmetry A_{CP}(B -->
X_{s+d} \gamma) is measured to be 0.057 \pm 0.063. The spectrum itself is also
unfolded to the B-meson rest frame; that is the frame in which theoretical
predictions for its shape are made.Comment: 37 pages, 19 postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D. No
analysis or results have changed from previous version. Some changes to
improve clarity based on interactions with Phys. Rev. D referees, including
one new Figure (Fig. 13), and some minor wording/punctuation/spelling
mistakes fixe
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Precise Measurement of the e+ e- --> pi+ pi- (gamma) Cross Section with the Initial-State Radiation Method at BABAR
A precise measurement of the cross section of the process
from threshold to an energy of 3GeV is obtained
with the initial-state radiation (ISR) method using 232fb of data
collected with the BaBar detector at center-of-mass energies near
10.6GeV. The ISR luminosity is determined from a study of the leptonic process
, which is found to agree with the
next-to-leading-order QED prediction to within 1.1%. The cross section for the
process is obtained with a systematic uncertainty
of 0.5% in the dominant resonance region. The leading-order hadronic
contribution to the muon magnetic anomaly calculated using the measured
cross section from threshold to 1.8GeV is .Comment: 58 pages, 56 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.
Measurement of Branching Fractions and Rate Asymmetries in the Rare Decays B -> K(*) l+ l-
In a sample of 471 million BB events collected with the BABAR detector at the
PEP-II e+e- collider we study the rare decays B -> K(*) l+ l-, where l+ l- is
either e+e- or mu+mu-. We report results on partial branching fractions and
isospin asymmetries in seven bins of di-lepton mass-squared. We further present
CP and lepton-flavor asymmetries for di-lepton masses below and above the J/psi
resonance. We find no evidence for CP or lepton-flavor violation. The partial
branching fractions and isospin asymmetries are consistent with the Standard
Model predictions and with results from other experiments.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.
Branching fraction and form-factor shape measurements of exclusive charmless semileptonic B decays, and determination of |V_{ub}|
We report the results of a study of the exclusive charmless semileptonic
decays, B^0 --> pi^- l^+ nu, B^+ --> pi^0 l^+ nu, B^+ --> omega l^+ nu, B^+ -->
eta l^+ nu and B^+ --> eta^' l^+ nu, (l = e or mu) undertaken with
approximately 462x10^6 B\bar{B} pairs collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance
with the BABAR detector. The analysis uses events in which the signal B decays
are reconstructed with a loose neutrino reconstruction technique. We obtain
partial branching fractions in several bins of q^2, the square of the momentum
transferred to the lepton-neutrino pair, for B^0 --> pi^- l^+ nu, B^+ --> pi^0
l^+ nu, B^+ --> omega l^+ nu and B^+ --> eta l^+ nu. From these distributions,
we extract the form-factor shapes f_+(q^2) and the total branching fractions
BF(B^0 --> pi^- l^+ nu) = (1.45 +/- 0.04_{stat} +/- 0.06_{syst})x10^-4
(combined pi^- and pi^0 decay channels assuming isospin symmetry), BF(B^+ -->
omega l^+ nu) = (1.19 +/- 0.16_{stat} +/- 0.09_{syst})x10^-4 and BF(B^+ --> eta
l^+ nu) = (0.38 +/- 0.05_{stat} +/- 0.05_{syst})x10^-4. We also measure BF(B^+
--> eta^' l^+ nu) = (0.24 +/- 0.08_{stat} +/- 0.03_{syst})x10^-4. We obtain
values for the magnitude of the CKM matrix element V_{ub} by direct comparison
with three different QCD calculations in restricted q^2 ranges of B --> pi l^+
nu decays. From a simultaneous fit to the experimental data over the full q^2
range and the FNAL/MILC lattice QCD predictions, we obtain |V_{ub}| = (3.25 +/-
0.31)x10^-3, where the error is the combined experimental and theoretical
uncertainty.Comment: 35 pages, 14 figures, submitted to PR
Observation of time-reversal violation in the B0 meson system
The individually named authors work collectively as The BABAR Collaboration. Copyright @ 2012 American Physical Society.Although CP violation in the B meson system has been well established by the B factories, there has been no direct observation of time-reversal violation. The decays of entangled neutral B mesons into definite flavor states (B0 or BÂŻÂŻÂŻ0), and J/ÏK0L or ccÂŻK0S final states (referred to as B+ or Bâ), allow comparisons between the probabilities of four pairs of T-conjugated transitions, for example, BÂŻÂŻÂŻ0âBâ and BââBÂŻÂŻÂŻ0, as a function of the time difference between the two B decays. Using 468Ă106 BBÂŻÂŻÂŻ pairs produced in ΄(4S) decays collected by the BABAR detector at SLAC, we measure T-violating parameters in the time evolution of neutral B mesons, yielding ÎS+T=â1.37±0.14(stat)±0.06(syst) and ÎSâT=1.17±0.18(stat)±0.11(syst). These nonzero results represent the first direct observation of T violation through the exchange of initial and final states in transitions that can only be connected by a T-symmetry transformation.DOE and NSF (USA), NSERC (Canada), CEA and CNRS-IN2P3 (France), BMBF and
DFG(Germany), INFN (Italy), FOM (The Netherlands),
NFR (Norway), MES (Russia), MINECO (Spain), STFC
(United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from
the Marie Curie EIF (European Union), the A. P. Sloan
Foundation (USA) and the Binational Science Foundation
(USA-Israel)
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Measurement of the Time-Dependent CP Asymmetry of Partially Reconstructed B0->D*+D*- Decays
We present a new measurement of the time-dependent CP asymmetry of B0->D*+D*-
decays using (471+-5) million BBbar pairs collected with the BaBar detector at
the PEP-II B Factory at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Using the
technique of partial reconstruction, we measure the time-dependent CP asymmetry
parameters S=-0.34+-0.12+-0.05$ and C=+0.15+-0.09+-0.04. Using the value for
the CP-odd fraction R_perp=0.158+-0.028+-0.006, previously measured by BaBar
with fully reconstructed B0->D*+D*- events, we extract the CP-even components
S+=-0.49+-0.18+-0.07+-0.04 and C+=+0.15+-0.09+-0.04. In each case, the first
uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic; the third uncertainty
on S+ is the contribution from the uncertainty on R_perp. The measured value of
the CP-even component S+ is consistent with the value of sin(2Beta) measured in
b->(ccbar)s transitions, and with the Standard Model expectation of small
penguin contributions.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Physical Review
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